热死警告
Heat death warning
希腊散货船Elpida GR。 (图片来源：马耳他海上安全调查组)
The Greek-owned bulk carrier Elpida GR. Image: Malta Marine Safety Investigation Unit.
去年卡塔尔发生一宗事故，揭示酷热天气导致一名海员死亡。随着热浪来袭越来越频繁，当同伴受高温严重影响时，海员应该掌握及时处理方法。
Extreme heat caused the death of a seafarer during an incident in Qatar last year. As heat waves become more common, seafarers should arm themselves with information on how to treat those seriously affected by high temperatures.
一份新报告警告，气候变迁给在极热条件下工作的海员带来了越来越大的健康和安全风险。
A new report has warned that climate change is posing a growing health and safety risk to seafarers working in extreme heat.
去年，在卡塔尔梅萨伊德港，海员在高达40°C 至45°C 的温度下工作时，导致一人死亡，两人晕倒，另一名海员热衰竭不适，当局随后对这一宗事件进行调查。
The alert follows an investigation into an incident in which one seafarer died, two collapsed and one other suffered the effects of heat exhaustion while working in temperatures between 40°C and 45°C in the port of Mesaieed, Qatar, last year.
马耳他海上安全调查组表示，与气候变迁相关的热浪频率、持续时间和强度增加，意味着船员中暑和中暑的类似病例可能会越来越多。
Malta’s Marine Safety Investigation Unit says the increased frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves linked to climate change means there is likely to be an growing number of similar cases in which crew members suffer from heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
当局还警告说，不少海员在航行期间欠缺足够时间适应极端气温和湿度。
It also warns that many seafarers do not get the necessary time to properly acclimatise to extreme temperatures and humidity during a voyage.
报告指出，国际海事组织的初级急救和医疗护理模式课程中，不包括帮助中暑者的训练。报告建议马耳他寻求国际海事组织的新指引，「重点对海员进行船上中暑/高热伤亡人员进行即场治疗培训，同时考虑到气候变迁的预期影响」。
The report notes that International Maritime Organization elementary first aid and medical care model courses do not cover training to help victims of heat stroke. It recommends that Malta seeks new IMO requirements for ‘emphasised seafarer training on the on-site treatment of heat stroke/hyperthermia casualties on board, taking into consideration the predicted effects of climate change’.
2023年7月27日，载重量52,579公吨的散装货船Elpida GR入港时，在系泊作业过程中发生事故。事件中4人被送往岸上医院，当中水手长被证实因中暑死亡，其他人则患热衰竭。
The accident occurred during mooring operations as the 52,579dwt bulk carrier Elpida GR entered the port on 27 July 2023. The bosun and two ratings collapsed as lines were being passed ashore and the chief officer then complained of feeling unwell. All four were taken to a hospital ashore, but the bosun was confirmed to be dead, as a result of heat stroke, and the others were suffering from heat exhaustion.
调查人员发现，在事故发生前五天，部分船员在伊拉克乌姆盖斯尔港卸完大米后清理货舱，准备在卡塔尔装载化学品尿素货柜，工作时间长达 89 小时。
Investigators found that some crew members had worked up to 89 hours in the five days preceding the accident, cleaning the cargo holds after discharging rice in the Iraqi port of Umm Qasr ahead of loading a bulk cargo of urea in Qatar.
报告的结论是，疲劳和睡眠不足可能会加剧酷热的影响。船员们在伊拉克的货运作业中已经经历了一个月的高温和潮湿，以及住宿舱房「不舒服的温暖环境」导致睡眠品质差。
The report concludes that the effects of extreme heat may have been exacerbated by fatigue and sleep deprivation. The crew members had already experienced a month of high temperatures and humidity during cargo operations in Iraq, as well as poor quality sleep caused by the ‘uncomfortable warm conditions’ in the accommodation areas.
尽管该船的船东否认曾承诺为货舱清洁工作提供任何奖金，但报告指出，部分船员相信他们会得到奖金，调查人员亦不排除有额外报酬激励员工长时间工作的可能性。
Although the ship’s owners denied that any bonus had been promised for the cargo hold cleaning work, the report notes that some crew members believed they would get one and investigators said they could not exclude the possibility that such payments would have served as an incentive for the seafarers to work such long hours.
报告指出，在水手长倒地后，船员采取了大部分建议的治疗措施，包括将他移到阴凉处、脱掉衣服并给他扇风。
The report notes that crew members took most of the recommended action to treat the bosun after he collapsed, including moving him to shade, stripping off clothing, and fanning him.
然而，报告补充，他们不知道《国际船舶医疗指南》中建议，为中暑者用水冷却身体，并使用冰袋或将他浸入冷水浴中。
However, it adds, they were unaware of The International Medical Guide for Ships advice to cool his body with water and apply cold packs or immerse him in a bath of cold water.
事故发生后，该船的希腊船东修改了其安全管理系统手册，加入了「在炎热环境下工作」的章节，以及相关步骤清单和应采取的预防措施。
Following the accident, the ship’s Greek owners revised their safety management system manual to include a section on ‘working in hot environments’, together with a related checklist and precautionary measures to be taken.
资料来源: https://www.nautilusint.org/en/news-insight/telegraph/heat-death-warning/
